Filament cross-section & flow — Volumetric flow = layer height × line width × print speed. This is the theoretical value; actual flow depends on extruder calibration and material viscosity. Most standard FDM hotends are rated to 10–15 mm³/s; high-flow hotends (Volcano, CHT) reach 30–60 mm³/s.
Grams ↔ metres — Calculated from filament density and the cross-section area of a solid cylinder at the stated diameter. Real filament diameter varies by ±0.02–0.05 mm, which shifts the conversion by ~2–6%.